Düzensiz Fiillers
İngilizce’de fiiller geçmiş zaman (V2) ve üçüncü hâl (V3 – past participle) oluşturulurken genellikle “-ed” eki alır.
Örneğin:
✅ play → played → played
Ancak bazı fiiller bu kurala uymaz ve düzensiz (irregular) biçimde çekimlenir.
Bu fiillerin üç hâli ezberlenmelidir:
- V1 (Base form) → fiilin yalın hâli
- V2 (Past Simple) → fiilin geçmiş zaman hâli
- V3 (Past Participle) → fiilin üçüncü hâli
Örnekler:
- go → went → gone (gitmek)
- eat → ate → eaten (yemek)
- write → wrote → written (yazmak)
- see → saw → seen (görmek)
- take → took → taken (almak)
Bu fiiller konuşma, yazı ve sınav İngilizcesinde çok sık kullanılır. Ezberleme kolaylığı için fiiller benzerliklerine göre gruplandırılarak çalışılmalıdır (örneğin: -ought, -en, -t, same form gibi).
| V1 (Present) | V2 (Past Simple) | V3 (Past Participle) | Türkçe Anlamı | Örnek Cümle (V1, V2, V3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| be (am/is/are) | was/were | been | olmak | 🔹 I am happy. 🔹 I was tired yesterday. 🔹 I have been busy all week. |
| begin | began | begun | başlamak | 🔹 I begin my work at 9. 🔹 I began reading the book. 🔹 The class has begun. |
| break | broke | broken | kırmak | 🔹 I break my phone easily. 🔹 He broke the glass. 🔹 The window has been broken. |
| bring | brought | brought | getirmek | 🔹 I always bring my laptop. 🔹 She brought flowers. 🔹 He has brought his passport. |
| build | built | built | inşa etmek | 🔹 They build houses. 🔹 They built a bridge. 🔹 They have built a new school. |
| buy | bought | bought | satın almak | 🔹 I buy fruit every day. 🔹 I bought a new car. 🔹 She has bought a dress. |
| come | came | come | gelmek | 🔹 They come here often. 🔹 They came yesterday. 🔹 He has come early today. |
| cut | cut | cut | kesmek | 🔹 I cut paper. 🔹 She cut her finger. 🔹 He has cut the cake. |
| do | did | done | yapmak | 🔹 I do my homework. 🔹 I did the dishes. 🔹 I have done my best. |
| drink | drank | drunk | içmek | 🔹 I drink coffee every morning. 🔹 He drank tea. 🔹 She has drunk too much water. |
| drive | drove | driven | sürmek | 🔹 He drives to work. 🔹 He drove a truck. 🔹 He has driven for hours. |
| eat | ate | eaten | yemek | 🔹 We eat breakfast together. 🔹 We ate pizza last night. 🔹 We have eaten already. |
| fall | fell | fallen | düşmek | 🔹 The leaves fall in autumn. 🔹 He fell down. 🔹 She has fallen asleep. |
| feel | felt | felt | hissetmek | 🔹 I feel cold. 🔹 I felt happy. 🔹 I have felt this pain before. |
| find | found | found | bulmak | 🔹 I find my keys easily. 🔹 I found my wallet. 🔹 He has found a new job. |
| fly | flew | flown | uçmak | 🔹 Birds fly in the sky. 🔹 The bird flew away. 🔹 He has flown to Paris. |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | unutmak | 🔹 I forget names easily. 🔹 I forgot your birthday. 🔹 I have forgotten my password. |
| get | got | gotten / got | almak, elde etmek | 🔹 I get emails every day. 🔹 I got a new job. 🔹 I have gotten better. |
| give | gave | given | vermek | 🔹 I give presents to friends. 🔹 He gave me advice. 🔹 She has given her time. |
| go | went | gone | gitmek | 🔹 I go to school every day. 🔹 I went home early. 🔹 He has gone to Italy. |
| have | had | had | sahip olmak | 🔹 I have a cat. 🔹 I had a car before. 🔹 I have had enough sleep. |
| hear | heard | heard | duymak | 🔹 I hear music. 🔹 I heard a noise. 🔹 I have heard this song before. |
| keep | kept | kept | saklamak, korumak | 🔹 I keep my promises. 🔹 He kept his word. 🔹 She has kept the secret. |
| know | knew | known | bilmek, tanımak | 🔹 I know the answer. 🔹 I knew him well. 🔹 I have known her for years. |
| leave | left | left | ayrılmak, terk etmek | 🔹 I leave home at 8. 🔹 I left my bag there. 🔹 He has left already. |
| lose | lost | lost | kaybetmek | 🔹 I lose my keys often. 🔹 I lost my wallet. 🔹 He has lost weight. |
| make | made | made | yapmak | 🔹 I make coffee. 🔹 She made a cake. 🔹 They have made a mistake. |
| meet | met | met | buluşmak | 🔹 We meet every week. 🔹 We met at school. 🔹 We have met before. |
| read | read | read | okumak | 🔹 I read a lot. 🔹 I read that book yesterday. 🔹 I have read this article. |
| run | ran | run | koşmak | 🔹 I run every morning. 🔹 I ran fast. 🔹 I have run 5 km today. |
| say | said | said | söylemek | 🔹 I say hello. 🔹 He said goodbye. 🔹 She has said too much. |
| see | saw | seen | görmek | 🔹 I see the moon. 🔹 I saw my friend. 🔹 I have seen that movie. |
| send | sent | sent | göndermek | 🔹 I send emails daily. 🔹 She sent me a photo. 🔹 They have sent the invitation. |
| sit | sat | sat | oturmak | 🔹 I sit here. 🔹 He sat on the sofa. 🔹 She has sat there all day. |
| sleep | slept | slept | uyumak | 🔹 I sleep early. 🔹 I slept well. 🔹 He has slept enough. |
| speak | spoke | spoken | konuşmak | 🔹 I speak English. 🔹 She spoke clearly. 🔹 They have spoken to the manager. |
| swim | swam | swum | yüzmek | 🔹 I swim every summer. 🔹 We swam in the sea. 🔹 They have swum for hours. |
| take | took | taken | almak, götürmek | 🔹 I take the bus. 🔹 She took a photo. 🔹 He has taken his bag. |
| teach | taught | taught | öğretmek | 🔹 I teach English. 🔹 She taught me French. 🔹 He has taught here for years. |
| think | thought | thought | düşünmek | 🔹 I think a lot. 🔹 I thought about you. 🔹 I have thought of a plan. |
| wear | wore | worn | giymek | 🔹 I wear jeans. 🔹 She wore a dress. 🔹 He has worn that jacket before. |
| write | wrote | written | yazmak | 🔹 I write emails daily. 🔹 She wrote a letter. 🔹 He has written many books. |
V1, V2, V3 Nedir? Farkları Nelerdir?
| Biçim (Verb Form) | Adı | Kullanıldığı Zaman | Yapısı / Özelliği | Örnek Cümle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V1 (Base Form) | Fiilin 1. hali (Yalın / Mastar hali) | Şimdiki zaman (Present Simple) veya gelecek zaman (Future) | Fiilin en temel hali, “to” olmadan kullanılır. | 🔹 I go to school every day. (Her gün okula giderim.) |
| V2 (Past Simple Form) | Fiilin 2. hali (Geçmiş zaman hali) | Geçmişte olmuş olaylar (Past Simple) | Düzensiz fiillerde biçim değişir; düzenlilerde “-ed” eklenir. | 🔹 I went to school yesterday. (Dün okula gittim.) |
| V3 (Past Participle) | Fiilin 3. hali (Geçmiş zaman ortacı) | Perfect tenseler (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect) ve passive voice (edilgen yapı) | Düzensiz fiillerde farklıdır; düzenlilerde yine “-ed” eklenir. | 🔹 I have gone to school. (Okula gittim / gitmiş bulunuyorum.) 🔹 The door was closed. (Kapı kapatıldı.) |
| Hali | Kullanım Alanı | Yardımcı Fiil | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| V1 | Şimdiki ve gelecek zaman | do / does / will | I play football. |
| V2 | Geçmiş zaman | did | I played football yesterday. |
| V3 | Perfect tenseler ve edilgen cümleler | have / has / had / be | I have played football. The game was played yesterday. |
🔍 Bir Fiil Üzerinden Karşılaştırma (go – went – gone):
| Zaman | Fiil Hali | Cümle | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present (V1) | go | I go to work every day. | Her gün işe giderim. |
| Past (V2) | went | I went to work yesterday. | Dün işe gittim. |
| Perfect (V3) | gone | I have gone to work. | İşe gittim / gitmiş bulunuyorum. |
⚠️ Ek Bilgi:
V3 → “perfect” ve “passive” yapılarda kullanılır. (done, eaten, seen, written)
V1 → her zaman “temel fiil”dir. (do, eat, see, write)
V2 → geçmiş zamanı anlatır. (did, ate, saw, wrote)
“Perfect” kelimesi İngilizce’de “tamamlanmış” anlamına gelir.
Yani perfect tense, bir olayın bitmiş ama etkisinin hâlâ sürdüğü durumları anlatır.
Bu yapılarda her zaman fiilin 3. hali (V3) kullanılır.
Ve yardımcı fiil olarak have / has / had gelir.
🧩 Perfect Zamanların 3 Türü
| Zaman | Yapı | Yardımcı Fiil | Kullanım Amacı | Örnek Cümle | Türkçesi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Perfect | have/has + V3 | have / has | Geçmişte olmuş ama etkisi hâlâ süren olaylar | I have eaten breakfast. | Kahvaltı yaptım (ve tokum). |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | had | Geçmişte bir olaydan önce bitmiş başka bir olayı anlatır | I had eaten before you arrived. | Sen gelmeden önce kahvaltı yapmıştım. |
| Future Perfect | will have + V3 | will have | Gelecekte belli bir zamana kadar tamamlanacak eylemler | I will have finished my homework by 8 o’clock. | Saat 8’e kadar ödevimi bitirmiş olacağım. |
Kısaca Hatırlayalım:
| Zaman | Yardımcı Fiil | Fiil Hali | Örnek | Anlam |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Perfect | have / has | V3 | She has gone home. | Eve gitti (ve hâlâ orada). |
| Past Perfect | had | V3 | She had gone home before dinner. | Akşam yemeğinden önce eve gitmişti. |
| Future Perfect | will have | V3 | She will have gone home by then. | O zamana kadar eve gitmiş olacak. |
💬 Perfect Zamanların Ayırt Edici Noktası:
- “have / has / had” yardımcı fiili olmazsa → perfect değildir.
- “V3” fiil hali mutlaka vardır.