Lesson Resources

1) Personal Pronouns (Kişi Zamirleri)

İsimlerin yerini alır; özne ve nesne halleri farklıdır.

• Kural: Fiilden/edattan sonra → object form gelir.
  I can’t deal with him. ✅
• She knows me ✅ / She knows I ❌

2) Possessive (İyelik) Zamirleri

İki gruptur:

A) Possessive Adjectives (isim önünde, tek başına OLMAZ):
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
This is my book.

B) Independent Possessive Pronouns (tek başına kullanılır):
mine, yours, his, hers, —, ours, yours, theirs
This book is mine.

3) Indefinite Pronouns (Belirsiz Zamirler)

Belirsiz kişi/şey/adet: someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing, each, either, neither, few, many, several, all, most, some, none…

• Tekillik-çoğulluk dikkat:
  Each / either / neither → tekil fiil: Each of the students is ready.
  Many / few / several → çoğul fiil: Many are missing.
  None tekil/çoğul bağlama göre: None is/are possible.

4) Relative Pronouns (İlgi Zamirleri)

who, whom, whose, which, that (ve -ever biçimleri). Sıfat cümleciklerini başlatır.

• İnsan → who/whom/whose
• Hayvan/şey → which/whose
• Genelde kısaltma ve günlük dil → that

The woman who called is my aunt.
The book that you gave me was great.

5) Reflexive Pronouns (Dönüşlü Zamirler)

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Özne = Nesne ise kullanılır; ayrıca “kendi kendine” anlamı katar.

I cut myself. / She taught herself to code.

6) Intensive Pronouns (Vurgu Amaçlı)

Biçim olarak reflexive ile aynıdır ama yalnızca vurgu yapar; cümleden çıkarılabilir.

The CEO himself signed the letter. (Özellikle CEO’nun yaptığını vurgular.)

7) Demonstrative Pronouns (İşaret Zamirleri)

this, that, these, those, such
Yakın/uzak ve tekil/çoğul ayrımı:

Is this yours? / I prefer those.

8) Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri)

who, whom, whose, which, what
Hem soru başlatır hem isim yerine geçer.

“Who called?” “Which is yours?”

9) Reciprocal Pronouns (Karşılıklı)

each other, one another
Karşılıklı yapılan eylemler:

They love each other.

10) Distributive Pronouns (Eş Taraflı)

each, either, neither (genelde tekil fiil alır)

Neither of the options is ideal.

Sık Yapılan Hatalar (Hızlı Uyarı)

• Preposition + object form: with me, for her, to them ✅
• Its / it’s: its = iyelik (The cat licked its paw.), it’s = it is/it has kısaltması.
• Who vs whom: who özne, whom nesne. Günlük dilde çoğu zaman who kullanılır.
• Each / every → tekil fiil: Each student has.

Mini Örnekler (Türkçe karşılıklı)

• Personal: She saw them yesterday. (O, onları gördü.)
• Possessive adj.: This is our car. (Bu bizim arabamız.)
• Possessive pron.: This car is ours. (Bu araba bizimki.)
• Indefinite: Is anyone there? (Orada kimse var mı?)
• Relative: The man who called is here. (Arayan adam burada.)
• Reflexive: He hurt himself. (Kendini incitti.)
• Intensive: I will do it myself. (Bunu bizzat ben yapacağım.)
• Demonstrative: I like these. (Bunları beğendim.)
• Interrogative: “Whose is this?” (Bu kimin?)
• Reciprocal: They helped each other. (Birbirlerine yardım ettiler.)
• Distributive: Either is fine. (İkisi de olur; hangisi olursa.)

Mini Test (Cevaplar altta)

1. I can’t agree with (he / him).
2. (This / These) is my friend, Ayla.
3. Each of the solutions (is / are) feasible.
4. The person (who / which) answered was very polite.
5. Is this umbrella (your / yours)?
6. They blamed (themselves / theirselves) for the mistake.
7. I’d like to talk to (she / her) after class.
8. We have helped (each other / one another) for years.
9. (Who / Whom) did you invite to the meeting?
10. The cat licked (its / it’s) fur.

Cevap Anahtarı: 1) him 2) This 3) is 4) who 5) yours 6) themselves 7) her 8) each other (ikisi de doğal) 9) Whom (günlük dilde “Who” da kabul) 10) its